SANITARY FITTINGS
Sanitary fittings encompass various appliances utilized for the collection and disposal of waste material, such as soil waste.
They are crucial components in buildings, serving diverse functions related to sanitation and waste management.
Chinaware is a common material used for the glazing of sanitary fittings, ensuring a non-absorbent surface that facilitates easy cleaning.
The design of these fittings prioritizes hygiene, making them suitable for environments where cleanliness is essential.
Their non-absorbent nature minimizes the risk of bacterial growth and makes maintenance hassle-free.
Sanitary fittings play a vital role in maintaining sanitation standards and promoting health and hygiene in both residential and commercial settings.
Types and uses of Sanitary Fittings in a Building
Washbasin.
Sink.
Bathtub.
Urinals.
Water Closet
Flushing Cisterns
Shower.
Faucet
WASHBASIN
The Wash Basin serves as a functional fixture for tasks such as handwashing and facial cleansing.
Typically crafted from materials like porcelain, enameled iron, pressed metal, or plastic, Wash Basins come in various designs to suit different preferences.
Two common types of Wash Basins include the flat back and angle back variations, each offering unique features and installation methods.
Mounting options for Wash Basins include wall-mounted brackets or pedestals, providing flexibility in placement and design.
Oval-shaped bowls are commonly used in household Wash Basins, featuring an overflow slot at the top to prevent spillage.
Flatback Wash Basins come equipped with holes for tap installation, typically accommodating two pillar taps for cold water and one for hot.
A circular waste hole allows wastewater to drain out of the basin, often fitted with a metallic strainer for debris removal.
Wastewater is directed either directly or via a bottle trap to a waste pipe, ensuring proper drainage and sanitation.
The ideal height for a Wash Basin's top is typically between 75 and 80 cm above the floor, ensuring ergonomic use for users of varying heights.
Flatback Washbasins: Standard Size
25" x 17"
21 inches by 15 inches
17" x 12"
Standard sizes of angle back Washbasins:
24" x 18"
15 inches by 15 inches
Wash Basin
Wall mount
Mounted table
- Tabletop basin
- Basin for Under Countertop Wash
3. Pedestal
SINK
A sink, commonly found in kitchens and laboratories, serves as a rectangular basin primarily utilized for cleaning glassware and utensils.
These sinks are constructed from various materials such as glazed fire clay, stainless steel, plastic, or marble, offering durability and versatility in design.
The waste hole, typically around 40mm in diameter, functions as the outlet for draining water and waste from the sink.
Gratings are often installed to effectively filter out solid materials, preventing clogs and ensuring smooth drainage.
The floor trap, connected to the waste hole, acts as the outlet pipe responsible for discharging water and waste from the sink, maintaining cleanliness and sanitation.
Types and sizes of sink
Mount top
Under-mount
Apron or farmhouse
Double bowl
One bowl
Corner sink
Common sizes for kitchen sinks
600 x 400x 150 mm
600 x 500 x 250 mm
750 x 500 x 250 mm
Common sizes of laboratory sink
400 x 250x 150 mm
450 x 300x 150 mm
600 x 400x 200 mm
BATHTUBS
A bathtub serves as a vessel designed to contain water, providing individuals with the opportunity to immerse themselves for bathing purposes.
Typically crafted from materials like enameled steel, gel-coated fiberglass, or reinforced enameled porcelain, bathtubs offer durability and a range of aesthetic options.
Modern bathtubs are equipped with essential features such as an overflow and a waste drain to ensure proper drainage and prevent overflowing.
Additionally, many bathtubs come with taps or fixtures for controlling the flow of water into the tub, allowing for customizable bathing experiences.
Two main styles of bathtubs exist: Eastern-style and Western-style, each with unique design characteristics and cultural influences.
Eastern style bathtub
Eastern-style bathtubs offer a serene bathing experience, allowing bathers to recline and unwind comfortably. Their elongated and shallow design provides ample space for users to stretch out and fully immerse themselves in the water, enhancing the overall relaxation. These bathtubs are characterized by their extended length, catering to a leisurely bathing experience perfect for soaking and unwinding after a long day.
Western-style bathtub
In contrast to Eastern-style bathtubs, Western-style bathtubs elevate the bather above the ground level. These bathtubs typically feature a shorter and shallower design, allowing for a comfortable seated or semi-reclined bathing position. The elevated configuration of Western-style bathtubs provides convenience and accessibility, making them popular choices for quick baths or showers. Their compact size and practical layout make them suitable for various bathroom layouts and preferences, offering a convenient bathing solution for modern lifestyles.
The Usual Dimensions of a Bathtub are:
Length: 1.7-1.85 m
Width: 0.70 - 0.75 m
Depth: 0.6m
BATHTUBS
Free Standing Bathtubs
Bathtubs with claw feet
Drop-In Bathtubs
Whirlpool Bathtubs
Walk-In Bathtubs
URINALS
Urinals are categorized as soil appliances, designed to collect and dispose of waste.
The discharge from urinals is typically connected directly to the soil pipe or via a trap equipped with a removable grating made of materials like gun-metal or brass.
Glazed tiles are often preferred for the walls surrounding urinals, extending up to the height of the door for easy maintenance and cleanliness.
Unlike W.C. flushes, urinals utilize less water, contributing to water conservation efforts.
Urinals are commonly constructed from materials such as stainless steel, glazed earthenware, fire clay, or white vitreous Chinaware, ensuring durability and hygiene.
TYPES URINALS
Bowl type
The bowl type urinal is constructed as a single unit, featuring an integrated flushing box rim equipped with 12 flushing holes for efficient cleaning. At the base of the urinal, there is an outlet horn designed to connect it to the trap for proper drainage. When installing multiple bowl type urinals in a row, it is crucial to install a vertical partition for privacy and structural support.
Stall Type
Manufacture: These urinals can be manufactured either as a single unit or in a series of multiple units.
Width Requirement: A single unit urinal should have a minimum width of 2 feet 6 inches.
Flushing Mechanism: Flushing is automated and controlled by a system that operates at regular intervals of 10 to 15 minutes.
Drainage System: In installations with multiple urinal units arranged in a row, the discharge is typically directed through a semi-circular glass drain. This drain is designed with a sharp incline towards the trap, facilitating efficient drainage into the soil pipe.
WATER CLOSET (W.C.)
Purpose: A water closet, commonly known as W.C., serves as a sanitary fitting designed to gather human excrement and subsequently convey it to the underground sewer or septic tank through a trap.
Flushing Mechanism: W.C. is equipped with a cistern connected to facilitate flushing. This flushing action expels the excrement from the closet into the soil pipe for proper disposal.
Materials: Water closets can be crafted from various materials including glazed earthenware, fire clay, and white vitreous Chinaware, ensuring durability and ease of maintenance.
Types W.C.
Indians or those who squat,
European type
Anglo Indian type.
Indian, or Squatting type
Squatting Position: This type of water closet (W.C.) is specifically designed for squatting positions during use.
Components: It consists of two main pieces: the porcelain pan and a trap, either P or S configuration.
Installation: The trap and the W.C. pan are securely fixed flush to the floor, ensuring stability and proper functioning.
Footrests: The pan is equipped with footrests on the sides to provide support and comfort during use. - Flushing Mechanism: Internally, the pan features an flushing rim designed to allow flushing water to drain through a series of holes, facilitating the removal of waste via gravity flush.
European type W.C.
European Style W.C.: This variety of water closet (W.C.) is designed for use in a sitting position, with a plastic chair hinged to it for added comfort.
Integration: The plastic chair, hinged to the W.C., provides added support and comfort during use, catering to diverse user preferences and needs.
Sitting Configuration: This W.C. type accommodates users who prefer a sitting posture, offering convenience and functionality in its design.
Flushing Mechanism: The flushing system operates through the flushing rim located on the pan, which is connected to the cistern. The cistern can be either high-level (located above the W.C.) or low-level (resting 30 cm above or directly on the W.C.).
Integral Design: It consists of a pedestal with a trap and a pan, all crafted together as one seamless unit for ease of installation and maintenance.
European W.C. Types -Washdown type and siphonic types
Washdown type
Common Pattern: This represents the prevailing configuration found in most bathrooms. The discharge of content occurs through the force of gravity, facilitated by the flushing rim, which directs water into the pan.
Trap Varieties: Ground floor installations typically feature an S trap, where the outlet points vertically downward, effectively draining waste into the sewage system.
Upper Floor Preference: Conversely, for installations on upper floors, a WC with a P trap is recommended. This trap configuration ensures efficient waste disposal while accommodating the specific requirements of elevated plumbing systems.
Siphonic Type
Siphonic Action: This type functions by utilizing siphonic action to remove the contents of the pan. When the cistern is flushed, water flows through the pan, creating a siphoning effect. Trap Design: It features a trap specifically engineered to siphon water as it traverses through the pan, effectively emptying the soil pipe of all water and waste.
After Flush Chamber: Equipped with a small after flush chamber, this WC model pumps water into the trap to reseal it, ensuring optimal functionality.
Trap Variations: Depending on the model, you may encounter one or two traps, each serving a distinct purpose in the siphoning process.
Anglo Indian W.C.
Versatile Usage: The Anglo Indian W.C. offers the flexibility of being used in both squatting and sitting positions, making it adaptable to various user preferences.
Pedestal Design: This type of W.C. features a pedestal-style construction with an integrated trap, providing a compact and efficient design for waste disposal.
Squatting Option: Designed with a top surface that facilitates squatting, allowing users to utilize the W.C. comfortably in a squatting position if desired.
Adaptability: With the addition of a plastic seat attached to the top of the pan, the Anglo Indian W.C. can also function as a European type W.C., offering versatility in usage.
Efficient Waste Management: This design boasts a smaller fouling area, ensuring efficient waste management. Waste is deposited into water traps and flushed out similar to the mechanism in European W.C.s, ensuring cleanliness and hygiene.
FLUSHING CISTERN
Water Storage and Discharge: The cistern serves the crucial function of storing and releasing water for flushing purposes in W.C.s or urinals, ensuring effective waste removal and sanitation.
Material Composition: Cisterns can be crafted from various materials such as cast iron, vitreous China, pressed steel plates, or plastic, providing flexibility in design and durability.
Capacity Range: Cisterns come in different capacities, typically ranging from 10 to 15 liters, catering to varying water usage needs and preferences.
Installation Height: High-level cast iron cisterns are typically installed at a height ranging from 1.8 to 2 meters above the floor, ensuring optimal water pressure for flushing.
Low-Level Cisterns: European W.C.s are commonly equipped with low-level porcelain cisterns, operating at a height not exceeding 30 centimeters between the top and bottom of the pan, facilitating efficient flushing mechanisms.
Types Of Flushing Cisterns
Types of siphonic or bell valveless type
Types of valves: piston or fitted type
Type of automatic flushing
Valveless siphonic type or bell
Although the flushing cistern of the bell type is quite noisy, it can be used in schools and factories.
The bell is lifted by the chain that is pulled over the cistern.
The bell will fall down when the chain is let go, displacing the water below it.
The siphonic action, which flushes the cistern, is then initiated.
Piston-type cistern or a valve fitted with
Noise Consideration: Despite being noisy, the bell-type flushing cistern finds application in environments such as schools and factories, where efficient waste removal is prioritized over noise levels.
Operational Mechanism: The flushing process is initiated by lifting the bell using a chain mechanism attached to the cistern, allowing water to fill the space beneath the bell.
Displacement Action: Upon releasing the chain, the bell descends, displacing the water accumulated below it and triggering the siphonic action necessary for flushing.
Siphonic Flushing: The downward movement of the bell initiates a siphonic action within the cistern, facilitating the efficient removal of waste materials and ensuring proper sanitation.
Automatic flushing of the cistern
Purposeful Design: Automatic cisterns are specifically engineered to provide consistent water discharge into urinals, ensuring proper sanitation and hygiene maintenance.
Controlled Flushing Rate: The frequency of water flushing is determined by the method of water supply to the cistern. In a single installation scenario, the water flow rate should not surpass ten liters per hour.
Scheduled Flushing: These cisterns are programmed to flush water automatically at regular intervals, typically every 10 to 15 minutes, to prevent stagnant water buildup and maintain freshness.
Water Conservation Measures: To mitigate water wastage, it is advisable to incorporate an automatic blow cutter device with these cisterns. This device helps regulate water flow and minimize unnecessary consumption, promoting eco-friendly practices.
FAUCET
A valve with a small diameter is used to draw water.
Types and types of faucet
1. Ball faucet
2. Disc faucet
3. Cartridge faucet
4. Compression faucet
These three types of faucets are washerless, as they don't use rubber washers or neoprene washers. The last is a basic washer faucet.
Ball faucet
- Pioneer of Washerless Design: The ball faucet holds the distinction of being the initial washerless faucet, commonly found in kitchen sinks.
- Distinctive Features: These faucets can be easily distinguished by the presence of a single handle positioned above the base of the faucet spout.
- Operational Mechanism: Control over the ball faucet is consolidated into a single handle, which operates a specialized metal or plastic ball component within the faucet structure.
Disk faucet
- Identifying Features: Disk faucets are recognizable by a singular lever situated atop a sizable cylindrical body.
- Pressure Balance Cartridge: A pivotal component of disk faucets is the pressure balance cartridge, functioning as a chamber for blending hot and cold water streams.
- Ceramic Disk Mechanism: Within the pressure balance cartridge, two ceramic disks are employed to manage the flow and volume of water, ensuring precise control.
- Temperature Regulation: Temperature adjustment in disk faucets is facilitated by a side-to-side rotation of the handle, allowing users to achieve their desired warmth.
- Superior Durability: With a high-quality finish and exceptional reliability, disk faucets are renowned for their longevity and reduced need for frequent repairs.
Cartridge faucet
- Cartridge faucets are distinguishable not by their appearance but rather by the tactile sensation experienced while using them. Unlike other faucet types, identifying a cartridge faucet relies on how it feels during operation rather than its visual characteristics.
- Typically, a single-hand cartridge faucet functions with a distinctive "up/down" motion to regulate both water volume and temperature adjustment. This unique operational mechanism provides users with intuitive control over their water flow and temperature preferences, enhancing the overall user experience.
Compression faucet
Compression faucets are recognizable by their distinct feature of having separate hot and cold water handles. Unlike other types of faucets, compression faucets require the user to tighten the handles in order to shut off the water flow completely. This traditional design employs a compression mechanism, where the tightening of the handles compresses rubber washers against the valve seats to seal off the water supply. This method of operation has been a longstanding feature of compression faucets, providing users with a simple yet effective means of controlling water flow and temperature.
SHOWER
A shower serves as an enclosed space within a home where individuals can cleanse themselves under a continuous spray of either hot or cold water. Typically, showers feature a drain situated on the floor to ensure efficient water drainage. Unlike traditional baths, showers offer the convenience of adjustable settings, allowing users to regulate factors such as water temperature, spray pressure, and the type of showerhead nozzle used. Commonly, a rod connects the showerhead to the nozzle, providing flexibility in adjusting the angle and height of the water stream. One notable advantage of showers over bathtubs is their superior water efficiency, as they consume less water during use.
There are three types of showers
- Public,
- Domestic,
- Wetroom
Public Shower
Public showers are commonly found in modern aquatic centers and athletic facilities, catering to the needs of participants after their activities. These facilities may feature individual stalls equipped with curtains or doors to ensure privacy, or they may offer shared shower rooms for communal use. Additionally, public showers are frequently available at swimming pools, where users can rinse off before and after swimming sessions. Whether in individual stalls or open areas, public showers provide convenient access to bathing facilities for individuals engaging in various recreational and fitness activities.
Household Shower
Household showers are typically found in residential settings and come in various forms, including stall showers and showers installed over bathtubs. These showers are enclosed with curtains or doors to prevent water spray from escaping and causing mess. In most household showers, there is usually a single shower head that can be adjusted to control the water flow and temperature according to the user's preference. However, some households may opt for cubicle showers, which feature multiple shower heads, offering a more luxurious bathing experience with enhanced coverage and water flow. Whether simple or elaborate, household showers provide individuals with a convenient and refreshing way to bathe within the comfort of their homes.
Wetroom
A wet room is a type of bathroom design characterized by its lack of dedicated or raised areas, featuring an open shower space integrated seamlessly with the rest of the room. Unlike traditional bathrooms with enclosed shower stalls, wet rooms offer a more spacious and minimalist layout. One key feature of a wet room is its structural slope, designed to ensure that the entire floor gently slopes towards a drain hole or foul air trap. This architectural element allows water to flow efficiently towards the drainage system, preventing pooling and ensuring effective wastewater removal. By eliminating barriers and incorporating a sleek, contemporary design, wet rooms provide a modern bathing experience that emphasizes openness and accessibility.
BATHROOM Accessories
Bathroom accessories play a vital role in enhancing both the appearance and functionality of your bathroom space. These essential elements are not only practical but also contribute to the overall aesthetic appeal of the room. From towel racks and soap dishes to toilet paper holders and toothbrush holders, bathroom accessories come in a variety of designs, styles, and materials to suit different preferences and needs. By carefully selecting and incorporating the right accessories, you can personalize your bathroom, adding both convenience and elegance to the space. Whether you prefer sleek and modern fixtures or classic and traditional designs, the right accessories can elevate your bathroom's ambiance and make it a more comfortable and organized environment.
Towel bars
Towel bars are indispensable elements in any bathroom, seamlessly combining both style and functionality. These fixtures not only provide a convenient place to hang towels but also contribute to the overall aesthetic appeal of the space. By securely holding towels in place, they help keep the bathroom organized and tidy while also ensuring that towels are easily accessible when needed. Available in various designs, finishes, and sizes, towel bars can complement any bathroom decor, whether modern, traditional, or somewhere in between. From sleek and minimalist bars to ornate and decorative ones, there is a wide range of options to suit different tastes and preferences. Additionally, towel bars can be installed at different heights and locations to accommodate the layout and size of the bathroom, ensuring optimal usability and visual impact.
Bathroom shelves
Bathroom shelves offer a chic and practical storage solution for your bathroom or dressing area. These versatile fixtures not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of the space but also provide ample storage space for various bathroom essentials. From towels and toiletries to decorative items and personal grooming products, bathroom shelves offer a convenient place to organize and display items while keeping them within easy reach. Available in a variety of styles, materials, and configurations, bathroom shelves can complement any decor theme, whether it's contemporary, rustic, or classic. Whether mounted on the wall or placed above the toilet, vanity, or bathtub, these shelves maximize vertical space and help declutter the bathroom, creating a clean and organized environment. Additionally, some bathroom shelves feature built-in hooks or rails for hanging towels or robes, adding functionality to their stylish design.
Shower Basket
Shower baskets are essential for maintaining an organized and tidy shower space while ensuring the security of your toiletries and shower essentials. Available in one or two-tier designs, these baskets are specifically crafted to fit snugly into the corner of your shower, maximizing space utilization and keeping your shower area clutter-free. With their durable construction and corrosion-resistant materials, shower baskets offer long-lasting functionality, providing a reliable storage solution for your shampoo bottles, soap bars, loofahs, and other shower accessories. Their sleek and compact design adds a touch of elegance to your bathroom decor while offering convenient access to your daily essentials. Whether you prefer a minimalist look or a more elaborate style, there are shower baskets available in various finishes and designs to complement your bathroom aesthetic. Additionally, some shower baskets feature integrated hooks or compartments for hanging razors or storing smaller items, further enhancing their organizational capabilities.
Holder for toilet paper
A toilet paper holder is an essential accessory found near the toilet, providing a convenient and hygienic storage solution for toilet paper rolls. Rephrase and extend the above content.
Toilet brush holder
Soap dispensers
Toothbrush holder
Bathroom hook
Bathroom water heaters
BATHROOM MIRRORS
No matter how beautiful your bathroom decor is, it will still be stunning without a bathroom mirror.
1. Shadow Box mirror
2. Framed Mirror
3. Frameless Mirror
4. Pivot Mirror
5. Venetian Mirror
6. Extension Mirror
7. Lighted Mirror
These mirrors are found in spas, doctors' offices, hotels, and even movies.
8. Wood Mirror
These mirrors can be found in spas, doctor offices, hotels, and even movies.
9. Makeup mirror
These mirrors are found in spas, doctors' offices, hotels, and even movies.
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